National Cancer Institute (NCI):Research and training aimed to eliminate the suffering and death due to cancer.Est. 1937. National Eye Institute (NEI):Conducts and supports research that helps prevent and treat eye diseases and other disorders of vision. Est. 1968. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI):Provides leadership for a national program in diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lung, and blood; blood resources; and sleep disorders. Also has administrative responsibility for the NIH Woman's Health Initiative. Est. 1948. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI):Supports the NIH component of the Human Genome Project. NHGRI's Intramural Research Program develops and implements technology for understanding, diagnosing, and treating genetic diseases. Est. 1989. National Institute on Aging (NIA):Undertakes research on the biomedical, social, and behavioral aspects of the aging process, prevention of age-related diseases and disabilities, promotion of better quality of life for all older Americans. Est. 1974. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA):NIAAA research is focused on improving the treatment and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems.

Est. 1970. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID):Research goals include striving to understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. Est. 1948. The NIAID-funded Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is a collaborative effort designed to increase the genome knowledge base of influenza and help researchers understand how flu viruses evolve, spread and cause disease. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS):NIAMS supports research into causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research, and the dissemination of information on research progress in these diseases. Est. 1986. National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB):Promotes fundamental discoveries, design and development, and translation and assessment of technological capabilities in biomedical imaging and bioengineering, enabled by relevant areas of information science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, materials science, and computer sciences.

Est. 2000. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD):NICHD researchs fertility, pregnancy, growth, development, and medical rehabilitation for the promotion of all aspects of child health. Est. 1962. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD):Conducts and supports biomedical research and research training on normal mechanisms as well as diseases and disorders of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. Est. 1988. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR):Provides leadership for a national research program designed to understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious and inherited craniofacial-oral-dental diseases and disorders. Est. 1948. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK):Conducts and supports research and provides leadership for a national program in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolic diseases, digestive diseases and nutrition, and kidney, urologic, and hematologic diseases.

Est. 1948. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA):NIDA supports and conducts research on drug abuse and addiction prevention, treatment, and policy. Est. 1973. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS):Research on how environmental exposures, genetic susceptibility, and age interact to affect an individual's health. Est. 1969.

National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research.As of 2003, the Institutes are responsible for 28%—about $28 billion—of the total biomedical research funding spent annually in the U.S., with most of the rest coming from industry. The NIH is divided into two parts: the "Extramural" parts of NIH are responsible for the funding of biomedical research outside of NIH, while the "Intramural" parts of NIH conduct research. Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda in unincorporated Montgomery County, Maryland, and the surrounding communities. The National Institute of Aging and the National Institute on Drug Abuse are located in Baltimore, Maryland, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is in Research Triangle, North Carolina.

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIAID maintains Rocky Mountain Labs in Hamilton, Montana, with an emphasis on virology.The predecessor of the NIH began in 1887 as the Laboratory of Hygiene. It grew and was reorganized in 1930 by the Ransdell Act into the National Institute of Health (singular at the time). Today it is one of the world's foremost medical research centers, and the Federal focal point for medical research in the U.S. The NIH, comprising 27 separate institutes, centers and the Office of the Director, is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The current NIH Director is Elias Zerhouni.The goal of NIH research is to acquire new knowledge to help prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat disease and disability, from the rarest genetic disorder to the common cold. The NIH mission is to uncover new knowledge that will lead to better health for everyone. NIH works toward that mission by: conducting research in its own laboratories; supporting the research of non-Federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helping in the training of research investigators; and fostering communication of medical and health sciences information.

Institutes of the NIH:U.S. drug regulation Prescription drugsOver-the-counter drugs showLaw Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic ActComprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970Controlled Substances ActPrescription Drug Marketing ActDrug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration ActHatch-Waxman exemption showGovernment agencies United States Department of Health and Human ServicesFood and Drug AdministrationDrug Enforcement AdministrationNational Institutes of HealthCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research showProcess Drug developmentNew drug applicationInvestigational new drugClinical trial (Phase I, II, III, IV)Randomized controlled trialPharmacovigilanceAbbreviated New Drug ApplicationFast track approval showInternational coordination International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human UseUppsala Monitoring CentreWorld Health OrganizationCouncil for International Organizations of Medical SciencesSingle Convention on Narcotic Drugs showNon-governmental organizations Institute of MedicineResearch on Adverse Drug events And Reports.